Adobe Systems - Wikipedia. Coordinates: 3. 7°1. ![]() N1. 21°5. 3′3. 8″W / 3. N 1. 21. 8. 93. 96. I blame Adobe for this. Ulysses, one of the best writing tools available right now, is going subscription only. If you previously purchased Ulysses for Mac or iOS (it.This method presents a way to install and customise Adobe Reader 11 (XI) in combination with the Adobe Customisation Wizard and GPO. The main reason why I tend to use. W / 3. 7. 3. 30. Adobe Systems Incorporated (ədohbee) is an American multinational computer software company. The company is headquartered in San Jose, California, United States. Adobe has historically focused upon the creation of multimedia and creativity software products, with a more recent foray towards rich Internet applicationsoftware development. It is best known for Photoshop, an image editing software, Acrobat Reader, the Portable Document Format (PDF) and Adobe Creative Suite, as well as its successor Adobe Creative Cloud. Adobe was founded in December 1. John Warnock and Charles Geschke, who established the company after leaving Xerox PARC in order to develop and sell the Post. Do not try this at home. Concerned OnePlus 5 users have been reporting online that they’re having difficulties making 911 calls. It’s unclear if all OnePlus 5. For more information on the structure of cross-domain policy files used to permit the sharing of data by client-side applications across domains, refer to Cross. Scriptpage description language. In 1. 98. 5, Apple Computer licensed Post. Script for use in its Laser. Writerprinters, which helped spark the desktop publishing revolution.[5]As of 2. Adobe Systems has about 1. San Jose. Adobe also has major development operations in Newton, Massachusetts; [6]New York City, New York; Minneapolis, Minnesota; Lehi, Utah; Seattle, Washington; San Francisco and San Luis Obispo, California in the United States. History[edit]The company was started in John Warnock's garage.[7] The name of the company, Adobe, comes from Adobe Creek in Los Altos, California, which ran behind Warnock's house.[4] Adobe's corporate logo features a stylized "A" and was designed by the wife of John Warnock, Marva Warnock, who is a graphic designer.[8]Steve Jobs asked to buy the company for five million dollars[9] in 1. Warnock and Geschke refused. Their investors urged them to work something out with Jobs, so they agreed to sell him shares worth 1. Jobs paid a five- times multiple of their company's valuation at the time, plus a five- year license fee for Post. Script, in advance. The purchase and advance made Adobe the first company in the history of Silicon Valley to become profitable in its first year.[1. Warnock and Geschke considered various business options including a copy- service business and a turnkey system for office printing. Then they chose to focus on developing specialized printing software, and created the Adobe Post. Script page description language.[1. Post. Script was the first truly international standard for computer printing as it included algorithms describing the letter- forms of many languages. Adobe added kanji printer products in 1. Warnock and Geschke were also able to bolster the credibility of Postscript by connecting with a typesetting manufacturer. They weren't able to work with Compugraphic, but then worked with Linotype to license the Helvetica and Times Roman fonts (through the Linotron 1. By 1. 98. 7, Post. Script had become the industry- standard printer language with more than 4. Warnock described the language as "extensible", in its ability to apply graphic arts standards to office printing.[1. Adobe's first products after Post. Script were digital fonts, which they released in a proprietary format called Type 1. Apple subsequently developed a competing standard, True. Type, which provided full scalability and precise control of the pixel pattern created by the font's outlines, and licensed it to Microsoft. In the mid- 1. 98. Adobe entered the consumer software market with Illustrator, a vector- based drawing program for the Apple Macintosh. Illustrator, which grew from the firm's in- house font- development software, helped popularize Post. Script- enabled laser printers. Adobe Systems entered NASDAQ in August 1. Its revenue has grown from roughly $1 billion in 1. Adobe's fiscal years run from December to November. For example, the 2. November 3. 0, 2. In 1. 98. 9, Adobe introduced what was to become its flagship product, a graphics editing program for the Macintosh called Photoshop. Stable and full- featured, Photoshop 1. Adobe and soon dominated the market. In 1. 99. 3, Adobe introduced PDF, the Portable Document Format, and its Adobe Acrobat and Reader software. PDF is now an International Standard: ISO 3. In December 1. 99. Adobe released Adobe Premiere, which Adobe rebranded as Adobe Premiere Pro in 2. In 1. 99. 2, Adobe acquired OCR Systems, Inc. In 1. 99. 4, Adobe acquired Aldus and added Page. Maker and After Effects to its product line later in the year; it also controls the TIFF file format. In the same year, Adobe acquired Laser. Tools Corp and Compution Inc.[1. In 1. 99. 5, Adobe added Frame. Maker, the long- document DTP application, to its product line after Adobe acquired Frame Technology Corp. In 1. 99. 6, Adobe Systems Inc added Ares Software Corp.[1. In 2. 00. 2, Adobe acquired Canadian company Accelio (also known as Jet. Form).[1. 9]. Adobe Systems Canada in Ottawa, Ontario (not far from archrival Corel). On December 1. 2, 2. Adobe acquired its main rival, Macromedia, in a stock swap valued at about $3. Cold. Fusion, Contribute, Captivate, Acrobat Connect (formerly Macromedia Breeze), Director, Dreamweaver, Fireworks, Flash, Flash. Paper, Flex, Free. Hand, Home. Site, JRun, Presenter, and Authorware to Adobe's product line.[2. Adobe released Adobe Media Player in April 2. On April 2. 7, Adobe discontinued development and sales of its older HTML/web development software, Go. Live in favor of Dreamweaver. Adobe offered a discount on Dreamweaver for Go. Live users and supports those who still use Go. Live with online tutorials and migration assistance. On June 1, Adobe launched Acrobat. Creative Suite 4, which includes Design, Web, Production Premium and Master Collection came out in October 2. USD $1,7. 00 to $2,5. The Windows version of Photoshop includes 6. On December 3, 2. Adobe laid off 6. On November 1. 0, 2. Adobe announced it was investigating a "coordinated attack" against corporate network systems in China, managed by the company.[2. Adobe's 2. 01. 0 was marked by continuing front- and- back arguments with Apple over the latter's non- support for Adobe Flash on its i. Phone, i. Pad and other products.[2. Former Apple CEO Steve Jobs claimed that Flash was not reliable or secure enough, while Adobe executives have argued that Apple wish to maintain control over the i. OS platform. In April 2. Steve Jobs published a post titled "Thoughts on Flash" where he outlined his thoughts on Flash and the rise of HTML 5.[2. In July 2. 01. 0, Adobe bought Day Software[2. CQ Products: WCM,[3. DAM,[3. 1] SOCO,[3. Mobile[3. 3]In January 2. Adobe acquired Dem. Dex, Inc. with the intent of adding Dem. Dex's audience- optimization software to its online marketing suite.[3. At Photoshop World 2. Adobe unveiled a new mobile photo service.[3. Carousel is a new application for i. Phone, i. Pad and Mac that uses Photoshop Lightroom technology for users to adjust and fine- tune images on all platforms.[3. Carousel will also allow users to automatically sync, share and browse photos.[3. The service was later renamed to "Adobe Revel".[3. In October 2. 01. Adobe acquired Nitobi Software, the makers of the mobile application development framework Phone. Gap. As part of the acquisition, the source code of Phone. Gap was submitted to the Apache Foundation, where it became Apache Cordova.[3. On November 9, 2. Adobe announced that they would cease development of Flash for mobile devices following version 1. Instead it would focus on HTML 5 for mobile devices.[3. On December 1, 2. Adobe announced that it entered into a definitive agreement to acquire privately held Efficient Frontier.[3. In December 2. 01. Adobe opened a new 2. Lehi, Utah.[4. 0] In 2. Adobe Systems endured a major security breach. Vast portions of the source code for the company's software were stolen and posted online[4. Adobe's customers have been made readily available for download.[4. In 2. 01. 2, about 4. Adobe.[4. 3]A class- action lawsuit alleging that the company suppressed employee compensation was filed against Adobe, and three other Silicon Valley- based companies in a California federal district court in 2. In May 2. 01. 4, it was revealed the four companies, Adobe, Apple, Google, and Intel had reached agreement with the plaintiffs, 6. Products[edit]Graphic design software. Adobe Photoshop, Adobe Lightroom, Adobe In. Design, Adobe Illustrator, Adobe Acrobat. Web design programs. Adobe Dreamweaver, Adobe Contribute, Adobe Muse, Adobe Flash Builder, Adobe Flash, and Adobe Edge. Video editing and visual effects. Adobe Premiere Pro, Adobe Premiere Elements, Adobe After Effects, Adobe Prelude, Adobe Spark Video. Audio editing software. Adobe Auditione. Learning software.
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Risk - Wikipedia. Risk is the potential of gaining or losing something of value.[1] Values (such as physical health, social status, emotional well- being, or financial wealth) can be gained or lost when taking risk resulting from a given action or inaction, foreseen or unforeseen. Risk can also be defined as the intentional interaction with uncertainty.[2] Uncertainty is a potential, unpredictable, and uncontrollable outcome; risk is a consequence of action taken in spite of uncertainty.[3]Risk perception is the subjective judgment people make about the severity and probability of a risk, and may vary person to person. Any human endeavor carries some risk, but some are much riskier than others.[4]Definitions[edit]The Oxford English Dictionary cites the earliest use of the word in English (in the spelling of risque from its from French original, 'risque' ) as of 1. It defines risk as: (Exposure to) the possibility of loss, injury, or other adverse or unwelcome circumstance; a chance or situation involving such a possibility.[5]Risk is an uncertain event or condition that, if it occurs, has an effect on at least one [project] objective. This definition, using project terminology, is easily made universal by removing references to projects).[6]The probability of something happening multiplied by the resulting cost or benefit if it does. InformationWeek.com: News, analysis and research for business technology professionals, plus peer-to-peer knowledge sharing. Engage with our community. Risk is the potential of gaining or losing something of value. Values (such as physical health, social status, emotional well-being, or financial wealth) can be. John Bruce "Jack" Thompson (born July 25, 1951) is an American activist and disbarred attorney, based in Coral Gables, Florida. Thompson is known for his role as an. This concept is more properly known as the 'Expectation Value' or 'Risk Factor' and is used to compare levels of risk)The probability or threat of quantifiable damage, injury, liability, loss, or any other negative occurrence that is caused by external or internal vulnerabilities, and that may be avoided through preemptive action. Finance: The possibility that an actual return on an investment will be lower than the expected return. Insurance: A situation where the probability of a variable (such as burning down of a building) is known but when a mode of occurrence or the actual value of the occurrence (whether the fire will occur at a particular property) is not.(Reference needed) A risk is not an uncertainty (where neither the probability nor the mode of occurrence is known), a peril (cause of loss), or a hazard (something that makes the occurrence of a peril more likely or more severe). Securities trading: The probability of a loss or drop in value. Trading risk is divided into two general categories: (1) Systematic risk affects all securities in the same class and is linked to the overall capital- market system and therefore cannot be eliminated by diversification. Also called market risk. Non- systematic risk is any risk that isn't market- related. Also called non- market risk, extra- market risk or diversifiable risk. ![]() Workplace: Product of the consequence and probability of a hazardous event or phenomenon. For example, the risk of developing cancer is estimated as the incremental probability of developing cancer over a lifetime as a result of exposure to potential carcinogens (cancer- causing substances). International Organization for Standardization[edit]The International Organization for Standardization publication ISO 3. ISO Guide 7. 3: 2. In this definition, uncertainties include events (which may or may not happen) and uncertainties caused by ambiguity or a lack of information. It also includes both negative and positive impacts on objectives. Many definitions of risk exist in common usage, however this definition was developed by an international committee representing over 3. Very different approaches to risk management are taken in different fields, e. Risk is the unwanted subset of a set of uncertain outcomes" (Cornelius Keating). Risk can be seen as relating to the probability of uncertain future events.[7] For example, according to factor analysis of information risk, risk is: [7] the probable frequency and probable magnitude of future loss. In computer science this definition is used by The Open Group.[8]OHSAS (Occupational Health & Safety Advisory Services) defines risk as the combination of the probability of a hazard resulting in an adverse event, and the severity of the event.[9]In information security risk is defined as "the potential that a given threat will exploit vulnerabilities of an asset or group of assets and thereby cause harm to the organization".[1. Financial risk is often defined as the unpredictable variability or volatility of returns, and this would include both potential better- than- expected and worse- than- expected returns. References to negative risk below should be read as also applying to positive impacts or opportunity (e. The related terms "threat" and "hazard" are often used to mean something that could cause harm. Practice areas[edit]Risk is ubiquitous in all areas of life and risk management is something that we all must do, whether we are managing a major organization or simply crossing the road. When describing risk however, it is convenient to consider that risk practitioners operate in some specific practice areas. Economic risk[edit]Economic risks can be manifested in lower incomes or higher expenditures than expected. The causes can be many, for instance, the hike in the price for raw materials, the lapsing of deadlines for construction of a new operating facility, disruptions in a production process, emergence of a serious competitor on the market, the loss of key personnel, the change of a political regime, or natural disasters. Risks in personal health may be reduced by primary prevention actions that decrease early causes of illness or by secondary prevention actions after a person has clearly measured clinical signs or symptoms recognized as risk factors. Tertiary prevention reduces the negative impact of an already established disease by restoring function and reducing disease- related complications. Ethical medical practice requires careful discussion of risk factors with individual patients to obtain informed consent for secondary and tertiary prevention efforts, whereas public health efforts in primary prevention require education of the entire population at risk. In each case, careful communication about risk factors, likely outcomes and certainty must distinguish between causal events that must be decreased and associated events that may be merely consequences rather than causes. In epidemiology, the lifetime risk of an effect is the cumulative incidence, also called incidence proportion over an entire lifetime.[1. Health, safety, and environment[edit]In terms of occupational health & safety management, the term 'risk' may be defined as the most likely consequence of a hazard, combined with the likelihood or probability of it occurring. Health, safety, and environment (HSE) are separate practice areas; however, they are often linked. The reason for this is typically to do with organizational management structures; however, there are strong links among these disciplines. One of the strongest links between these is that a single risk event may have impacts in all three areas, albeit over differing timescales. For example, the uncontrolled release of radiation or a toxic chemical may have immediate short- term safety consequences, more protracted health impacts, and much longer- term environmental impacts. Events such as Chernobyl, for example, caused immediate deaths, and in the longer term, deaths from cancers, and left a lasting environmental impact leading to birth defects, impacts on wildlife, etc. Over time, a form of risk analysis called environmental risk analysis has developed. Environmental risk analysis is a field of study that attempts to understand events and activities that bring risk to human health or the environment.[1. Human health and environmental risk is the likelihood of an adverse outcome (See adverse outcome pathway). As such, risk is a function of hazard and exposure. Hazard is the intrinsic danger or harm that is posed, e. Exposure is the likely contact with that hazard. Therefore, the risk of even a very hazardous substance approaches zero as the exposure nears zero, given a person's (or other organism's) biological makeup, activities and location (See exposome).[1. Another example of health risks are when certain behaviors, such as risky sexual behaviors, increase the likelihood of contracting HIV.[1. Social Aspects of Risk[edit]Individual risk perception and risk taking can also be influenced by social factors. What are MiniDiscs? MiniDiscs were announced in 1991 by Sony as a disc based digital medium for recording and distributing consumer audio that is ``near CD'' in quality. Download the free trial version below to get started. Double-click the downloaded file to install the software. ![]() ![]() ![]() The podcast craze of the past several years shows no signs of slowing down, and while every armchair broadcaster with a voice recorder app is eager to get in the game.InformationWeek.com: News, analysis and research for business technology professionals, plus peer-to-peer knowledge sharing. Engage with our community. How to Start Your Own Podcast. The podcast craze of the past several years shows no signs of slowing down, and while every armchair broadcaster with a voice recorder app is eager to get in the game, creating a professional- sounding podcast isn’t as simple as it might seem. Here’s how to create, record, and publish your own basic podcast—and get people to listen.*This story originally ran in June 2. August 2. 01. 7 with additional reporting from Patrick Austin.*Before You Start, Be Ready to Commit. Before you rush into things, it’s important to keep in mind that podcasts take a lot of effort to get going. They’re not just recordings of people talking (not the good ones, anyway). Pat Flynn, host of the Smart Passive Income podcast, recommends you treat podcasting the same way you would any other big project: Podcasting is extremely fun and exciting, but there is one thing you must do before you start podcasting: Commit. You must internally commit to podcasting, as you must do with anything that is potentially beneficial but takes some time and effort to do. It’s easy to assume that podcasts are easy to produce because they’re audio only, but don’t be fooled. They can take up a lot of time to put together, especially at first. Also, podcasts do best when they’re released consistently. If you’re interested in developing any kind of listener base, you have to be ready to release episodes on a regular basis. All in all, podcasting can be fun work, but it’s still work and should be treated as such. You also shouldn’t expect to get rich from podcasting either. It’s certainly possible to generate income from podcasting, but that usually requires advertisements and sponsorships—both of which you’ll get after you’ve built up a listenership big enough to make it worthwhile to advertisers. If you’re not interested in starting a podcast for the fun of it or to have your voice heard, you might not get much out of it unless you already have an audience. What You’ll Need. You can’t start a podcast without equipment, and good equipment will go a long way. Here’s what you’ll need: Microphone(s): Any microphone will work for recording your podcast, but listeners can usually tell the difference between low and high quality microphones. If you’re not sure what to look for, our list of the five best desktop microphones is a great place to start (I use four analog Audio- Technica AT2. As you shop around, you’ll also need to decide whether you want to use a USB or analog (XLR) microphone. USB mics convert analog sound into digital so you can plug a USB mic directly into any computer and start recording without much hassle, but you could potentially get lower audio quality compared to analog. Considering you don’t need any extra tools or devices to record with a USB mic, they can be a little cheaper in the long run. Analog microphones use XLR connectors, which means you need another device to get your audio onto your computer, but you can get higher audio quality and can use them with other sound equipment (if you had a PA system or wanted to play live music, for example). Of course, if you have a gaming headset or other basic microphone around, you can easily use that too. Portable XLR Recorder (optional): If you plan on using analog microphones for your podcast, you’ll need something that captures your analog audio and converts it to digital. Portable XLR recorders can capture multiple microphone channels and allow you to do basic sound level adjusting and muting on the fly. Audio files automatically get organized and stored on a memory card that you can insert into a card reader or slot in your computer. These are amazing tools, but they can be expensive. You can find them for anywhere between $1. I use a $4. 00 Zoom H6 Handy Recorder with four available analog channels). Audio Interface (optional): If you want to record directly to your computer with your analog microphones, you’ll need an audio interface. These devices allow you to plug in one or more analog microphones and will convert the analog audio to digital. Most audio interfaces will connect to your computer via USB or Firewire. Audio interfaces can cost as little as $3. You can see why a USB microphone is a cheaper option.)A Computer: Any Windows computer or Mac should work fine to record, edit, and upload your podcast. Thankfully, editing audio doesn’t take a ton of computing power. Additionally, depending on how you choose to record—directly to the computer or onto a dedicated recording device—your computer will also need the right ports. USB microphones, for example, will obviously need an open USB port. If you’re using analog microphones with a portable XLR recorder or audio interface device, you’ll need either a 3. USB port, or in some cases, a Firewire port. So before you spend any money on equipment, make sure you have a computer that can support it. Audio Editing Software: For the actual recording and editing, you’ll need a Digital Audio Workstation (or DAW), there are a lot of good options out there, but the licenses for some of them can cost a pretty penny, though. Licenses for professional level DAWs like Reason or Pro Tools can cost anywhere between $3. Apps like Hindenburg offer simpler audio editing software for under $1. Reaper is a fully loaded audio production app for $6. Adobe’s audio editing software Audition CC is available with a $1. Because of that, most people will recommend free open source programs like Audacity when you’re just getting started, and that’s what we’ll use an example throughout this how- to guide. Pop Filters (optional): The clearer your audio can sound, the better. Pop filters, while not required, are fairly cheap and can keep your plosives from making a nasty sound on your recording. If you don’t want to buy any, though, you can make some of your own. You might be thinking that all this equipment is pretty expensive, and you’re not wrong. However keep in mind that decent audio equipment will last forever if you take care of it. It may be expensive to get started, but after the initial purchase, you’re set. Step One: Narrow Your Topic and Find Your Niche. Just like blogs, there are a ton of podcasts out there. That means that you can probably find a podcast about everything under the sun already. Don’t get discouraged! While just about every broad topic is already covered, you just have to find your spin on things to make an old idea something new. Dear Lifehacker, As a side project/experiment, I’ve started my own blog. The problem is, now that I …Read more For example, if you wanted to make a podcast about music, ask yourself if there’s an audience out there for what you want to talk about. Maybe you narrow your idea down from music in general to bluegrass specifically. Now your coverage is specific: the music, people, and culture of bluegrass. Once you have your topic narrowed down, it helps to add a spin to it. Maybe you talk about bluegrass music and culture while sipping moonshine with your co- hosts. It’s kind of true that everything has been done before, but it hasn’t all been done the way you would do it. So find an angle that’s personally interesting and you’ll be better off. Step Two: Download, Install, and Set Up Audacity. As mentioned earlier, Audacity is a great DAW for podcasting beginners. It’s open source, free to use as long as you like, and is available for Windows, OS X, and Linux. Before you can jump into recording, however, there are a few tricks to getting it all set up properly: Download Audacity 2. Connect your microphone and open Audacity. See if your microphone is being recognized by Audacity by checking the drop- down menu next to the small microphone icon. If you see your mic, go ahead and select it. In the top- left corner, you should see the pause, play, stop, skip back, skip forward, and record buttons. Click the record button and talk into your mic to make sure it’s working properly. Stop recording and playback what you just recorded to make sure everything sounds okay. You’ll want to export your audio in the MP3 format later on. In order to do that, you’ll need to download and install the Lame MP3 encoder for either Windows or Mac. Once that’s installed, close and reopen Audacity. Record yourself talking for a few seconds like before, then go to File, then Export Audio, and select MP3 Files in the ‘Save as type’ dropdown menu. Name your file something simple like “test. Find the MP3 file on your desktop and try playing it in your MP3 player of choice, just to make sure everything is working properly. ![]() Unable to take screenshots or screenshots are blank. Posted August 3, 2. David Kirk in Windows 7. People often have problems taking screenshots of games in Windows 7. The screenshot is often blank or just shows a picture of the desktop instead of the game that is trying to be captured. ![]() Here are some ways to help fix this issue. Several people have twittered me with problems taking screenshots in Windows 7. Often they are playing a game in full screen. They hit the print screen key to copy a screenshot into the clipboard; however, when they paste into their graphics program, it’s blank or just shows a picture of their desktop. Here are some of the common issues. Often games map the print screen key to some other function. Linux vs Windows. Compare the two operating system's from an average user's perspective.Find out the pros and cons of Linux and Windows. These same games usually have a unique key combo to take screenshots. Check to see if your program has a unique method or key combo to record a screenshot or demo. On some keyboards, the print screen is a combination key that requires another key press to trigger it. Often ALT+Prt. Scrn works instead of pressing Prt. Scrn alone. 3. Full screen games often can’t be captured with the regular print screen method. Do this to fix it: – Right- click on the executable file for the game– Select the Compatibility tab and then check Disable desktop composition– Press OK to close the properties dialog and then run the game– Typical screenshot methods should work now. Latest trending topics being covered on ZDNet including Reviews, Tech Industry, Security, Hardware, Apple, and Windows. 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Dersom du er interessert i å lage din egen portal har vi i Hagecrew laget en framgangsmåte på hvordan du kan lage din egen portal. ![]() Torrentz will always love you. Farewell. © 2003-2016 Torrentz.Dette trenger du for å lage portalen: Armeringsmetall. Vinkelsliper. Vernebriller Tang. Ståltråd. 24 skruer. Metallbeslag. Drill. To plantekasser – Bønner som etter hvert klatrer seg til portalen (plantekasser)Slik gjør du: Del armeringsmetallet i to like store sider der hver del er bestående av to rader. Det er opp til deg å velge hvor stor portalen skal være, men hvis du vil ha en mellomstor portal bør den bestå av fire rader til sammen. Hvis du har spisse sider på metallet kan du bruke en tang til å klippe bort de spisse sidene, og en vinkelsliper til å file bort restene av de spisse sidene. Her brukte vi vinkelsliper for å file bort de spisse sidene. Dette trenger du å gjøre bare hvis du har spisse sider. 2. Sett sammen de to delene ved å bruke ståltråd. Se på bildet nedenfor. Deretter bøyer du metallet slik at formen blir som en bue. Sett portalen ved to plantekasser og sørg for at portalen er festet godt i plantekassene. קיצורים משורת הפקודה של Windows להפוך מאנגלית לעברית אופיס 2013 הורדה|וואטסאפ להורדה למחשב. For at portalen skal holde seg stødig, må du bruke metallbeslag og skruer og en drill til å skru skurene inn. Se på bildet nedenfor. Etter hvert vil plantene klatre seg rundt portalen, og slik har du fått laget din egen hageportal! ![]() ![]() Definition of Intersection of Sets |Some Properties of Operation of Intersection. Definition of Intersection of Sets: Intersection of two given sets is the. To find the intersection of two given sets A and B is a set which consists of all the elements which are common to both A and B. The symbol for denoting intersection of sets is ‘∩‘. For example: Let set A = {2, 3, 4, 5, 6}and set B = {3, 5, 7, 9}In this two sets, the elements 3 and 5 are common. The set containing these common elements i. A and B. The symbol used for the intersection of two sets is ‘∩‘. Therefore, symbolically, we write intersection of the two sets A and B is A ∩ B which means A intersection B. The intersection of two sets A and B is represented as A ∩ B = {x : x ∈ A and x ∈ B} Solved examples to find intersection of two given sets: 1. If A = {2, 4, 6, 8, 1. B = {1, 3, 8, 4, 6}. Find intersection of two set A and B. Solution: A ∩ B = {4, 6, 8}Therefore, 4, 6 and 8 are the common. If X = {a, b, c} and Y = {ф}. Find intersection of two given sets X and Y. Solution: X ∩ Y = { } 3. If set A = {4, 6, 8, 1. B = {3, 6, 9, 1. 2, 1. C = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 1. Find. the intersection of sets A and B. Find. the intersection of two set B and C. Find the intersection of the given sets A and C. Solution: (i) Intersection of sets A and B is A ∩ BSet of all the elements which are.
Did you know there are some tricks you can use when learning your multiplication facts? This article takes you from the basic concepts to some handy tricks, and. Vol.7, No.3, May, 2004. Mathematical and Natural Sciences. Study on Bilinear Scheme and Application to Three-dimensional Convective Equation (Itaru Hataue and Yosuke. ![]() A and set B is {6, 1. Intersection of two set B and C is B ∩ CSet of all the elements which are. B and set C is {3, 6, 9}.(iii) Intersection of the given sets A and C is A ∩ CSet of all the elements which are. A and set C is {4, 6, 8, 1. Notes: A ∩ B is a subset of A. B. Intersection of a set is commutative, i. A ∩ B = B ∩ A. Operations are performed when the set is. Some properties of the operation of. A∩B = B∩A (Commutative law) (ii) (A∩B)∩C = A∩ (B∩C) (Associative law) (iii) ϕ ∩ A = ϕ (Law of ϕ) (iv) U∩A = A (Law of ∪) (v) A∩A = A (Idempotent law) (vi) A∩(B∪C) = (A∩B) ∪ (A∩C) (Distributive law) Here ∩ distributes over ∪Also, A∪(B∩C) = (AUB) ∩ (AUC) (Distributive law) Here ∪ distributes over ∩ Notes: A ∩ ϕ = ϕ ∩ A = ϕ i. Set Theory●Sets●Objects. Form a Set●Elements. Set●Properties. of Sets●Representation of a Set●Different Notations in Sets●Standard Sets of Numbers●Types. Sets●Subset●Subsets. Given Set●Operations. Sets●Difference. of two Sets●Complement. Set●Cardinal number of a set●Cardinal Properties of Sets●Venn. Diagrams. 7th Grade Math Problems. From Definition of Intersection of Sets to HOME PAGEDidn't find what you were looking for? Or want to know more information. Math Only Math. Use this Google Search to find what you need. ![]() Writing device drivers in Linux: A brief tutorial“Do you pine for the nice days of Minix- 1. Linus Torvalds. Pre- requisites. In order to develop Linux device drivers, it is necessary to have an understanding of the following: C programming. Some in- depth knowledge of C programming is needed, like pointer usage, bit manipulating functions, etc. If you currently have Windows running and you realize that you need some files for your work which you have stored on an Ext2 volume of your Linux installation, you. Microprocessor programming. It is necessary to know how microcomputers work internally: memory addressing, interrupts, etc. All of these concepts should be familiar to an assembler programmer. There are several different devices in Linux. For simplicity, this brief tutorial will only cover type char devices loaded as modules. Kernel 2. 6. x will be used (in particular, kernel 2. Debian Sarge, which is now Debian Stable). User space and kernel space. When you write device drivers, it’s important to make the distinction between “user space” and “kernel space”. Kernel space. Linux (which is a kernel) manages the machine's hardware in a simple and efficient manner, offering the user a simple and uniform programming interface. In the same way, the kernel, and in particular its device drivers, form a bridge or interface between the end- user/programmer and the hardware. Any subroutines or functions forming part of the kernel (modules and device drivers, for example) are considered to be part of kernel space. User space. End- user programs, like the UNIX shell or other GUI based applications (kpresenter for example), are part of the user space. Obviously, these applications need to interact with the system's hardware . However, they don’t do so directly, but through the kernel supported functions. All of this is shown in figure 1. ![]() Figure 1: User space where applications reside, and kernel space where modules or device drivers reside. Interfacing functions between user space and kernel space. The kernel offers several subroutines or functions in user space, which allow the end- user application programmer to interact with the hardware. Usually, in UNIX or Linux systems, this dialogue is performed through functions or subroutines in order to read and write files. The reason for this is that in Unix devices are seen, from the point of view of the user, as files. On the other hand, in kernel space Linux also offers several functions or subroutines to perform the low level interactions directly with the hardware, and allow the transfer of information from kernel to user space. Usually, for each function in user space (allowing the use of devices or files), there exists an equivalent in kernel space (allowing the transfer of information from the kernel to the user and vice- versa). This is shown in Table 1, which is, at this point, empty. It will be filled when the different device drivers concepts are introduced. Events. User functions. Kernel functions. Load module. Open device. Read device. Write device. Close device. Remove module. Table 1. Device driver events and their associated interfacing functions in kernel space and user space. Interfacing functions between kernel space and the hardware device.
There are also functions in kernel space which control the device or exchange information between the kernel and the hardware. Table 2 illustrates these concepts. This table will also be filled as the concepts are introduced. Events. Kernel functions. Read data. Write data. Table 2. Device driver events and their associated functions between kernel space and the hardware device. The first driver: loading and removing the driver in user space. I’ll now show you how to develop your first Linux device driver, which will be introduced in the kernel as a module. For this purpose I’ll write the following program in a file named nothing. MODULE_LICENSE("Dual BSD/GPL"). Since the release of kernel version 2. First, you need to have a complete, compiled kernel source- code- tree. If you have a Debian Sarge system, you can follow the steps in Appendix B (towards the end of this article). In the following, I’ll assume that a kernel version 2. Next, you need to generate a makefile. The makefile for this example, which should be named Makefile, will be: =obj- m : = nothing. Unlike with previous versions of the kernel, it’s now also necessary to compile the module using the same kernel that you’re going to load and use the module with. To compile it, you can type: $ make - C /usr/src/kernel- source- 2. M=`pwd` modules. This extremely simple module belongs to kernel space and will form part of it once it’s loaded. In user space, you can load the module as root by typing the following into the command line: # insmod nothing. The insmod command allows the installation of the module in the kernel. However, this particular module isn’t of much use. It is possible to check that the module has been installed correctly by looking at all installed modules: # lsmod. Finally, the module can be removed from the kernel using the command: # rmmod nothing. By issuing the lsmod command again, you can verify that the module is no longer in the kernel. The summary of all this is shown in Table 3. Events. User functions. Kernel functions. Load moduleinsmod. Open device. Read device. Write device. Close device. Remove modulermmod. Table 3. Device driver events and their associated interfacing functions between kernel space and user space. The “Hello world” driver: loading and removing the driver in kernel space. When a module device driver is loaded into the kernel, some preliminary tasks are usually performed like resetting the device, reserving RAM, reserving interrupts, and reserving input/output ports, etc. These tasks are performed, in kernel space, by two functions which need to be present (and explicitly declared): module_init and module_exit; they correspond to the user space commands insmod and rmmod , which are used when installing or removing a module. To sum up, the user commands insmod and rmmod use the kernel space functions module_init and module_exit. Let’s see a practical example with the classic program Hello world: < hello. MODULE_LICENSE("Dual BSD/GPL"). Hello world!\n"). Bye, cruel world\n"). The actual functions hello_init and hello_exit can be given any name desired. However, in order for them to be identified as the corresponding loading and removing functions, they have to be passed as parameters to the functions module_init and module_exit. The printk function has also been introduced. It is very similar to the well known printf apart from the fact that it only works inside the kernel. The < 1> symbol shows the high priority of the message (low number). In this way, besides getting the message in the kernel system log files, you should also receive this message in the system console. This module can be compiled using the same command as before, after adding its name into the Makefile. In the rest of the article, I have left the Makefiles as an exercise for the reader. A complete Makefile that will compile all of the modules of this tutorial is shown in Appendix A. When the module is loaded or removed, the messages that were written in the printk statement will be displayed in the system console. If these messages do not appear in the console, you can view them by issuing the dmesg command or by looking at the system log file with cat /var/log/syslog. Table 4 shows these two new functions. Events. User functions. Kernel functions. Load moduleinsmodmodule_init()Open device. Read device. Write device. Close device. Remove modulermmodmodule_exit()Table 4. Device driver events and their associated interfacing functions between kernel space and user space. The complete driver “memory”: initial part of the driver. I’ll now show how to build a complete device driver: memory. This device will allow a character to be read from or written into it. This device, while normally not very useful, provides a very illustrative example since it is a complete driver; it's also easy to implement, since it doesn’t interface to a real hardware device (besides the computer itself). To develop this driver, several new #include statements which appear frequently in device drivers need to be added: =/* Necessary includes for device drivers */. O_ACCMODE */. #include < asm/system. MODULE_LICENSE("Dual BSD/GPL"). Declaration of memory. Structure that declares the usual file */. Declaration of the init and exit functions */. Global variables of the driver */. Major number */. int memory_major = 6. Buffer to store data */. After the #include files, the functions that will be defined later are declared.
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